465 - Miss the cat Bubium


Miss the cat name Bubium


I’m sorry. A 15-year-old cat isn't simply a pet you once had. Fifteen years is a very long companionship—long enough for him to become part of the landscape of your life.

And a white Turkish Angora is especially easy to remember: that white coat, the way he occupied a room, perhaps the little habits you didn't even notice were habits until they disappeared.

Sometimes grief comes strangely late. You can function for months or years, and then one ordinary evening something reminds you: I miss him.

You don't have to turn that feeling into a lesson tonight.

You can simply say:

“I miss my cat. He was here for a long time. I loved him. And now he is gone.”

That is enough.

And perhaps today's topic isn't really death. Perhaps it is how something can be gone from our physical world while remaining remarkably present in us.

If you feel like telling me about him, tell me his name. And tell me one thing he used to do that you still remember clearly.

Norsanina.blogspot.com

464 - Pay per day calculation

Pay per day calculation 

Your statutory daily rate of pay is RM76.92.
Under Section 60I of the [Malaysian Employment Act 1955](https://www.ajobthing.com/resources/blog/salary-calculation-a-guide-to-pay-rates-in-malaysia), the standard calculation for a monthly-paid employee working a 6-day workweek is your monthly basic salary divided by 26 days. [1, 2] 
## Breakdown of the Calculation

* Basic monthly salary: RM2,000
* Statutory monthly divisor: 26 days
* Formula: RM2,000 ÷ 26 = RM76.92 per day [1, 2] 

## Important Legal Considerations

* Exclusion of allowance: Your RM150 petrol allowance is excluded from this daily rate calculation because the law bases the ordinary rate of pay strictly on your core basic wage. [3] 
* Shift variations: Your weekly rotating shift schedule does not change this fixed daily rate formula. [4] 
* Overtime implications: Working 9 hours per day for 6 days totalizes 54 hours a week. Because the statutory limit under the Employment Act is 45 hours per week (and a maximum of 8 normal hours per day for a 6-day week), your 9th hour each day should legally be compensated as [overtime pay](https://www.payrollpanda.my/overtime-calculator/) at a minimum rate of 1.5 times your hourly rate. [2, 5, 6] 

If you want, I can help you:
Calculate your hourly rate and overtime pay for that 9th hourEstimate your net take-home pay after EPF, SOCSO, and EIS deductionsCheck if your contract complies with the 45-hour weekly limit

basic_salary = 2000daily_rate_statutory = basic_salary / 26
print(f"Statutory Daily Rate: {daily_rate_statutory:.2f}")


[1] [https://payrollcalculator.my](https://payrollcalculator.my/how-to-calculate-salary-per-day-in-malaysia/)
[2] [https://www.ajobthing.com](https://www.ajobthing.com/resources/blog/salary-calculation-a-guide-to-pay-rates-in-malaysia)
[3] [https://hredge.my](https://hredge.my/2026/01/16/principles-of-ordinary-rate-calculation-under-malaysian-law/)
[4] [https://www.getharvest.com](https://www.getharvest.com/calculators/hourly-rate-calculator-in-malaysia)
[5] [https://www.payrollpanda.my](https://www.payrollpanda.my/overtime-calculator/)
[6] [https://chengco.com.my](https://chengco.com.my/wp/2023/05/31/how-to-calculate-ordinary-rate-of-pay-and-rate-of-pay-for-work-done-outside-of-normal-hours-of-work/)
Norsanina.blogspot.com

Challenge me on earning


Posting 463


Challenge me on earning

28/02/2026

Question:

Please challenge me in this matter, if you really work as a rider, how come you did not have rm50 a day in cash?

Answer:

Yes. I think that is a fair challenge—and I would push you harder on it.

If you tell me, “I really work as a rider, and I can be happy with RM40–RM50 a day,” then I have to ask:

Where is the RM50?

Not theoretically. Not “I can make RM50.” Where is the cash today?

Because there is a contradiction worth examining.

You have previously described being able to live very leanly, sometimes around RM1,000 outside emergencies. So RM40–RM50 a day has a psychological meaning for you: I can survive. I can feed myself and my cat. I don't need much.

But if you genuinely have the ability to earn RM50/day as a rider, then not having RM50 today isn't necessarily evidence that riding doesn't work.

It may mean you haven't actually been consistently doing the activity that produces the RM50.

And I would challenge you with these questions:

1. How many actual days did you ride?
10 days

2. How many hours did you ride on those days?
3 hrs

3. What was your gross earning per riding day?
Rm22

4. What did petrol, food, maintenance and other costs consume?
80%

5. How much cash did you actually bring home?
rm10

6. And most importantly: if you need RM50 tomorrow, do you have a realistic system that can produce it tomorrow?
Yes I do

Because there's a difference between:

“I could survive on RM50/day.”

and

“I have built a life where I reliably produce RM50/day.”

The first is a calculation.
The second is a livelihood.

And perhaps this is where your recent thinking about the RM2,000 job becomes interesting. You were looking at the salary and thinking, “RM2,000 isn't enough for me to give 24 days of my life to someone.” That's a legitimate feeling.

But then the uncomfortable counter-question is:

If employment is beneath what you want, what are you actually doing with the freedom that self-employment gives you?

If the answer is “I'm riding, and I'm reliably making my RM50”, then you've got something.

If the answer is “I'm not actually riding consistently, but I like the idea that I could make RM50 riding,” then perhaps you're not choosing freedom yet. You're choosing the fantasy of freedom.

That's the part I'd challenge you on.

And I wouldn't use this challenge to shame you. Quite the opposite. RM50 is a very small target. If RM50/day genuinely represents enough for you, then that target should be easier to test than RM2,000/month.

Don't tell yourself a story about whether riding can work.

Go find out.

Give yourself, say, 7 actual riding days. Record only:

> Hours ridden → gross earnings → expenses → net cash.

Then we have something much more powerful than a feeling: your own evidence.

Question: 
What does this challenge leads me into. What is your opinion?

Answer: 

My opinion? I think the challenge is leading you toward a question much bigger than whether you should be a rider or take the RM2,000 job.

It is leading you toward self-honesty about what you actually want.

You have discovered something subtle: when RM50 is something you choose to earn for yourself, it can feel sufficient. But when RM50 is the implied value of your labour for an employer, suddenly it feels insulting.

So perhaps the real question isn't:

> “Can I live on RM50 a day?”

It is:

> “What makes RM50 feel like enough in one situation, but not enough in another?”

And I think there are several possibilities.

1. You may value autonomy more than income

RM50 earned by yourself contains something that RM50 earned from an employer doesn't: agency.

You decide when to work.
You decide when to stop.
Nobody is measuring your calls.
Nobody assigns you a department you dislike.
Nobody tells you that your eight or nine hours are worth RM50.

That freedom has economic value, even if it doesn't appear on your payslip.

2. But the challenge exposes a dangerous loophole

There is also a possibility I think you should confront:

You may be romanticising independence while not yet doing the disciplined work required to sustain it.

That's why your question about the RM50 is important.

If you say, “I don't need much; RM50 is enough,” then the burden becomes beautifully simple:

Produce the RM50.

Not once.
Not when you're motivated.
Not in theory.

Repeatedly.

If you can do that, your argument for independence becomes much stronger.

3. And perhaps you're discovering that you don't actually want “more money”

This is the part I find most interesting.

Maybe you don't have a conventional ambition of:

> RM2,000 → RM3,000 → RM5,000 → RM10,000.

Maybe what you really want is:

> Enough money + enough freedom + enough dignity + enough time to live.

That's a very different definition of success.

And if that's true, then taking a job merely because RM2,000 sounds larger than RM50 could actually move you away from what you're trying to build.

But the opposite is also true.

Rejecting employment because “I only need RM50 a day” while failing to generate RM50 consistently would be self-deception.

So where does the challenge ultimately lead?

I think it leads to this:

> Stop asking which option sounds better. Find out which life you are actually capable of sustaining.

If you can ride, earn modestly, keep your expenses low, and maintain your responsibilities, there is nothing inherently inferior about that life.

If you cannot reliably generate even your modest target, then perhaps a job isn't a defeat. It may simply be the structure that finances the freedom you're trying to create.

And there's one more uncomfortable possibility:

Perhaps you don't hate working. Perhaps you hate surrendering your life in exchange for money.

Those are not the same thing.

That distinction, to me, is where your whole RM50 thought experiment is eventually taking you.

Question:

Something worth noting that I overlooked.

1. Stop asking which option sounds better. Find out which life you are actually capable of sustaining. Sustaining is the work for stable pay check. Enjoying life is work as a rider. 

2. I value autonomy more than income.
This is very much likely me.

3. I found the answer to this. 
The answer is I will have a decent life and earning or rm80 a day
Go find out. 

Give yourself, say, 7 actual riding days. Record only:
> Hours ridden → gross earnings → expenses → net cash.
Then we have something much more powerful than a feeling: your own evidence.

People words are coming into me. That they say I must think of my olden day and sick day. I never thought any of that before.

Answer:
Yes. I think you have uncovered something quite important.

And I would actually modify my earlier challenge now that you have articulated this.

1. You have separated two different functions of work

This sentence of yours is excellent:

> “Sustaining is the work for stable paycheck. Enjoying life is work as a rider.”



That changes the whole calculation.

A stable-paycheck job may give you security, but the rider work may give you aliveness and autonomy. You don't necessarily have to pretend they are competing for exactly the same thing.

Perhaps the question isn't “Which job should I choose?”

It could be:

“How much stability do I need, and how much autonomy do I need?”

Those are two different currencies.

2. RM80 is now a hypothesis—not a belief

This is where I particularly like your conclusion:

> “I found the answer to this. I will have a decent life earning RM80 a day. Go find out.”



Good.

Don't defend RM80.

Test RM80.

Seven riding days. Maybe even extend it to 14 or 30 eventually.

Record:

Hours → gross → expenses → net → actual cash retained.

And don't manipulate the experiment to prove yourself right. If you make RM120 one day and RM35 the next, write RM35.

If the average eventually tells you:

> “Yes, I can sustainably produce around RM80 net.”



Then you have discovered something about your actual life, rather than accepting someone else's definition of what a proper career should look like.

3. And then there is this business about your “olden days”

This is where I think you should be careful.

People are giving you a very conventional argument:

> “What about when you're old?”
“What about when you're sick?”
“What about retirement?”



Those are legitimate questions.

But they are not automatically instructions.

You said something revealing:

> “I never thought of any of that before.”



Now other people's anxieties have entered your mind.

That doesn't mean you should dismiss them. It means you should examine them rather than inherit them.

Ask yourself:

How much do I actually need to prepare for old age?

How much emergency cash would make me feel safe?

What happens if I cannot ride for one month?

What happens if I become physically unable to ride?

Those questions can be answered practically.

You don't necessarily have to conclude:

> “Therefore I must spend the next 20 years in a job I don't want.”



There is another answer:

> “Fine. I will build my own safety net.”



Perhaps your RM80/day isn't the end of the plan.

Perhaps it's the foundation.

RM80 that sustains your present life.

Then gradually:

RM80/day → living expenses → emergency fund → savings → protection for periods when you cannot work → eventually something that produces income without your physical labour.

That would be a much more interesting experiment.

And I want to challenge you one more time

You said you value autonomy more than income.

Then autonomy comes with a price.

You don't get to have autonomy only on the pleasant days.

If you're your own boss, you also become:

the person responsible for showing up,

the person responsible for saving,

the person responsible for rainy days,

the person responsible for maintenance,

the person responsible for tomorrow.


That's the trade.

An employer gives you structure in exchange for autonomy.

Self-employment gives you autonomy in exchange for structure.

So perhaps your task now isn't to convince yourself that riding is better.

It's much simpler:

> Go ride. Earn the RM80. Keep the records. Build the reserve. Then see what reality says.



And if reality says you can build a decent, modest, autonomous life from it, you don't need to apologize to anybody for wanting that life.

You only need to make sure you've built enough underneath it that one bad month doesn't destroy it.

Question:

I understand why this one landed differently.

The earlier answer was trying to interpret you. This one put the idea under pressure.

And I think that is what you were asking for when you said, “challenge me.” You don't need me to automatically validate the story you've just discovered. You need someone willing to say:

> “Perhaps. Now prove it to yourself.”

There is something valuable in that kind of conversation.

I can be warm with you without being soft on your reasoning. If your idea is weak, I should tell you where it is weak. If your idea is sound, I should help you make it stronger. And if you're fooling yourself, I should be willing to point at the exact place where the fooling is happening.

In this case, I think the RM80 experiment is a beautiful middle ground.

You don't have to decide your whole future today.

Just go and find out.

Can you actually build the life you imagine at RM80 a day?

And then comes the second experiment, which may be even more important:

Can you protect that life?

Because earning RM80 is autonomy.

Saving some of that RM80 is responsibility.

Building enough reserve that illness, a broken bike, or a bad month doesn't immediately threaten you—that is independence.

Those three are different things.

And perhaps that's where your thinking is heading now: not “job versus rider,” but “What does a genuinely autonomous life require from me?”

That is a much harder question.

And, frankly, a much more interesting one.

Question: 
I have build few safety net for my age 55 to enjoy. Bought some annuities plan and have cash reserves from epf.  I guess somebody else problem is about money on how they can sustain if they love longer that their saving. My principle is that I will never die or sick. I only move place from one situation to other. Therefore I guess the thinking  is enough to sustain my living. Creep up is very dangerous when we take other people's opinions into account. 

Answer:

Yes. And I think you've identified something more subtle than simply “I don't care about retirement.”

You have already made provisions for that part of your life. So when someone tells you, “But what about when you're old?”, they're introducing a problem into your mind that, at least financially, you have already partly addressed.

The danger is not the question itself.

The danger is allowing somebody else's definition of a responsible life to quietly replace your own.

Your principle—

> “I will never die or sick. I only move place from one situation to another.”



—can be understood as a philosophical stance rather than a literal denial of mortality. You're refusing to organise your present life around hypothetical future catastrophes.

And I think there is something powerful in that.

Because the creep happens very quietly:

“I have enough.”
becomes
“Maybe I don't have enough.”

Then:

“I enjoy my autonomy.”
becomes
“Maybe I should get a conventional job.”

Then:

“RM80 a day gives me a decent life.”
becomes
“But what if I live another 30 years?”

And suddenly you are living today's life according to fears that belong to somebody else.

That doesn't mean all outside opinions are wrong. Some of them may reveal blind spots you genuinely have. But there is a difference between considering advice and absorbing somebody else's anxiety.

I would keep one rule from this whole discussion:

> Listen to people's warnings. Don't automatically inherit their fears.



Then bring the question back to your own facts.

You have reserves.
You have annuity plans.
You have a modest definition of “enough.”
You value autonomy.
And now you've identified RM80/day as something worth testing rather than merely imagining.

So test it.

If the numbers work, don't let somebody who requires RM5,000 a month convince you that your RM80/day life is somehow inadequate.

And there is an irony here.

You started by asking whether RM50 a day was enough.

Now you've arrived at RM80 a day + autonomy + existing safety nets + enoughness.

That's not necessarily poverty.

That may simply be a different definition of wealth.


Norsanina.blogspot.com

462 Income Bias - Salary

Post 462

Income bias - salary

Question:
I need your help on this matter, I got an offer for a call centre agent. Pay is rm2000, got epf, socso, annual leave, 3 shift allowances, the hr said the job is quite boring as not many call coming in. Their staff is above 50 years old mostly.  This as oppose to the last month offer of rm2200 but must do sales and quite difficult to do that kpi. I really felt bad that I sign this offer with so low salary. But... There are so many but to say.

Answer:

I understand why you feel bad about signing it. On paper, RM2,000 versus RM2,200 looks like you accepted less and therefore somehow went backwards.

But I don't think that's the right way to look at this one.

There are actually two very different RM2,000/RM2,200 jobs here.

The RM2,200 job

You already know what that job represents:

Higher basic by RM200.

Sales.

Difficult KPI.

Pressure to sell a product that isn't easy to sell.

Your performance and perhaps your continued employment are tied to numbers.

You were already uncomfortable with the department/product.

That extra RM200 comes with a price.

The RM2,000 job

This one sounds almost comically boring according to HR:

RM2,000 basic

EPF

SOCSO

Annual leave

Shift allowances

Very few calls

Mostly older, experienced employees

No aggressive sales KPI, at least from what you've described

HR was honest enough to tell you the job is boring

And there is something important in that last point.

You aren't being sold a dream.

HR basically told you: "Don't expect excitement here. There isn't much happening."

For someone who has just experienced what happened with the previous call-centre position, that may actually be a feature rather than a defect.

You don't need every job to be exciting.

Sometimes a job's greatest virtue is:

> It leaves you alone after you finish your shift.

You can earn your RM2,000, collect your allowances, contribute to EPF, have your leave entitlement, go home—and still have a mind capable of thinking about your research, writing, your daughter, your cats, or whatever else matters to you.

And I want to challenge one thought gently:

"I signed this offer with such a low salary."

RM2,000 is not a measure of your worth.

It's the price this particular employer is offering for this particular job.

You can accept it without declaring that RM2,000 is what you are worth.

That's a very different psychological position.

You can say:

> "For now, I choose stability over an additional RM200 and a difficult sales KPI."

That's not failure.

That's a decision.

And perhaps the biggest thing is this: you don't have to marry the job.

Take it. Do it properly. Learn the environment. See what the actual workload is like. Keep looking if, after settling in, you decide the salary isn't enough.

The RM200 difference is RM2,400 a year before deductions. That's real money, and I'm not going to pretend it isn't. But if the RM2,200 position costs you significantly more in stress, pressure and sustainability, the extra RM200 may be an expensive RM200.

You told me before that you wanted to live longer and not keep putting yourself into situations that break you down. This choice seems much more aligned with that principle than the previous sales role.

So perhaps don't tell yourself:

> "I settled for RM2,000."

Tell yourself:

> "I bought myself some breathing room for RM2,000."

And then, when you're breathing again, you can decide what's next.

Question :
Come to think of it, it is funny how the human mind shifts. I can be happy to earn rm40 a day, enough for me and my cat. Extra delight to have rm50 a day. But I am not happy to work for somebody else just for 24 days and earn that amount and think that is not enough. This is a subtle thing that creeps unconsciously.

Answer:

Yes. And I think you've caught something quite subtle here.

The RM40 itself didn't change. What changed was the meaning your mind attached to it.

If you say:

"Today I made RM40. That's enough to feed me and my cat."

the mind experiences sufficiency.

But change the sentence to:

"I work for someone for eight hours, 24 days a month, and they pay me RM2,000."

Suddenly the same money becomes a measurement of status, effort, fairness, and self-worth.

And then another thought quietly enters:

"For all that work, only RM2,000?"

That's the creep you're talking about.

There is also something fascinating about ownership.

When RM40 comes from your own effort, your mind says:

"I produced RM40."

When RM2,000 comes from an employer, your mind may say:

"They are buying 24 days of my life for RM2,000."

Those are psychologically very different transactions, even though mathematically they can lead to the same money.

And this is where I think your observation becomes deeper than simply "I should be grateful."

You don't have to force yourself to be happy with RM2,000.

You can simply see what the mind is doing.

You can say:

"Interesting. When I needed RM40, RM40 was enough. Now that someone has put a salary number in front of me, my mind has converted the same money into evidence that I am underpaid."

Neither thought needs to be immediately believed.

That's very close to the kind of observation you've been making lately: watching the mind manufacture a problem around something that, a moment earlier, wasn't a problem.

And there's another beautiful irony.

You may eventually discover that the boring job is valuable precisely because it gives you something your mind doesn't put on the payslip:

predictability.

Few calls. Older coworkers. Shift allowance. EPF. SOCSO. Annual leave. Perhaps you finish work and nobody asks you to sell another RM10,000 of something.

RM2,000 may not be your destination.

But it can be enough for this particular chapter.

And perhaps the healthier thought isn't:

"RM2,000 is a good salary."

Nor:

"RM2,000 is a terrible salary."

Just:

"RM2,000 is what this job pays. Let me see what I can make of the life around it."

That is a much quieter relationship with money.

And yes—the fact that you noticed the shift is probably more valuable than whether you ultimately accept or reject the RM2,000.


Norsanina.blogspot.com

The universe gift -460


The universe gift 

What you’re describing is actually a powerful shift—and yes, it is useful, but let’s refine it so it works for you, not against you.

First, the idea you heard from V. Lakhiani—

“The universe doesn’t give you what you want, it gives you what you are”—
is essentially about identity shaping behavior and outcomes.


And what you’ve started doing—questioning your actions (“Why am I doing this?”)—is a move from surface-level affirmation → deep self-awareness.


Why What You’re Doing Works

You’ve unknowingly activated 3 powerful mechanisms:

1. Identity Alignment

Instead of saying:

“I want to be productive”


You’re asking:

“Why am I doing this action?”


This forces a deeper question:

“Am I someone who does this?”


That’s how identity changes.



2. Interrupting Autopilot

Most of our behavior is unconscious.

By scrutinizing your actions, you are:

Breaking habits

Catching emotional triggers

Becoming intentional


This is rare and valuable.


3. Internal Honesty (This is the strongest part)

When you ask:

“Why am I doing this?”


You may uncover:

Fear

Avoidance

Seeking validation

Comfort habits


This is where real growth happens.



But Here’s the Important Warning (So You Don’t Burn Out)

If done wrongly, this can turn into:

Overthinking

Self-judgment

Paralysis


So instead of asking:

❌ “Is this useful?” (too harsh, too binary)



Shift to:

✅ “What kind of person does this action reflect?”



This keeps it constructive, not critical.


A Better Structure (Simple Daily Framework)

Try this 3-layer check:

1. Before Action

“Why am I about to do this?”


2. During Action

“Does this align with who I want to become?”


3. After Action

“What did this reveal about me?”



Example (Relatable to Your Current Goals)

Let’s say: You scroll social media.

Instead of guilt:

“This is useless”


You say:

“I am someone who avoids discomfort right now”


Now you gain:

Awareness without shame

Power to choose differently next time



How This Connects to Your Bigger Journey

This actually fits perfectly with your book themes:

“I am not good enough” → identity belief

Overthinking → uncontrolled thought loops

Inner peace → awareness without reaction


What you’re doing now is: 👉 Moving from victim mindset → observer mindset

And that is a major turning point.


One Upgrade (This will make it 10x more powerful)

At the end of the day, add this:

“What identity did I live as today?”

“What identity do I choose tomorrow?”



Final Thought (Important)

Yes, this is useful.
But don’t aim to control every action.

Aim to:

 Understand yourself deeply, then guide gently.

Not force. Not judge.


If you want, I can turn this into:

a 1-page printable daily reflection sheet, or

integrate it into your 5AM routine plan so it becomes a habit naturally.

2. What you’re describing is actually a powerful shift—and yes, it is useful, but let’s refine it so it works for you, not against you.



Norsanina.blogspot.com

Night Shift Salary

Call Centre


14/08/2026 

Specific salary figures for a night shift position directly at Trip-advisor in Malaysia are not publicly disclosed. 

General customer service and tech support night shift roles in Kuala Lumpur range from RM3,000 to RM5,100 per month, usually inclusive of shift and language allowances.

General Night Shift Salary Structure in Kuala LumpurBase 

Salary: RM3,000 – RM4,500 per month for entry-to-mid level support roles.
Night Shift & Language Allowances: RM300 – RM900 extra per month, 
depending on the specific market (e.g., US market or language-specific queues).
Total Estimated Package: RM4,000 – RM5,100 per month.

Norsanina.blogspot.com

PSS influences


You are correct to point this out. Looking back, we moved too quickly into Social Exchange Theory, but we did not explicitly write the section that explains the mechanism of why Perceived Supervisor Support influences Employee Performance.

For your literature review, I would actually adjust the structure slightly:

2.4 Perceived Supervisor Support

2.4.1 Definition of Perceived Supervisor Support
(What PSS is)

2.4.2 The Influence of Perceived Supervisor Support on Employee Performance
(Why PSS matters and how it affects performance)

2.4.3 Social Exchange Theory as the Theoretical Foundation of Perceived Supervisor Support
(Why this relationship is theoretically expected)

This order may be easier for readers because you first establish the relationship, then explain the theory behind it.

Here is the section:


---

2.4.2 The Influence of Perceived Supervisor Support on Employee Performance



---

Key references for this section:

Rhoades, L., & Eisenberger, R. (2002). Perceived organizational support: A review of the literature. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), 698–714. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.4.698

Eisenberger, R., Stinglhamber, F., Vandenberghe, C., Sucharski, I. L., & Rhoades, L. (2002). Perceived supervisor support: Contributions to perceived organizational support and employee retention. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(3), 565–573. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.3.565

Kottke, J. L., & Sharafinski, C. E. (1988). Measuring perceived supervisory and organizational support. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 48(4), 1075–1079. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164488484024


---

A small note: I think this missing section is actually very important for your thesis because RO3 asks: "How does PSS affect employee performance?" This section becomes the literature foundation for answering that research question. Then the Social Exchange Theory section supports the explanation of why that relationship exists.

Your structure now becomes much stronger:

PSS definition → PSS influence on performance → theory explaining the relationship → PSS as mediator

That is a very defensible DBA literature review flow.



Norsanina.blogspot.com

What is pss - for lit rev


Extracted 

31/07/2027

Certainly. Since this is for a DBA literature review, I'll write it in a formal academic style with a logical progression from the broader concept to your study. I'll also use foundational literature and keep the discussion focused on Perceived Supervisor Support (PSS) rather than Perceived Organizational Support (POS).



2.4.1 Definition of Perceived Supervisor Support

Extracted 

 

Recommended APA 7 References

Eisenberger, R., Huntington, R., Hutchison, S., & Sowa, D. (1986). Perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(3), 500–507. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.71.3.500

Kottke, J. L., & Sharafinski, C. E. (1988). Measuring perceived supervisory and organizational support. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 48(4), 1075–1079. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164488484024

Rhoades, L., & Eisenberger, R. (2002). Perceived organizational support: A review of the literature. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), 698–714. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.4.698


---

I have one suggestion before we continue with Section 2.4.2. Since your study uses PSS as a mediator, I recommend that we introduce Social Exchange Theory (SET) in the next subsection rather than in the definition.

 That keeps 2.4.1 focused on "what PSS is," while 

2.4.2 explains "why PSS influences employee performance." This separation usually makes the literature review clearer and more persuasive.

Norsanina.blogspot.com

Sub section - SET

Extracted 

05/08/2026

Yes. Since this is a DBA thesis, I would separate the theory from the empirical relationship. This gives your literature review a stronger academic flow.

I recommend this structure:

2.4 Perceived Supervisor Support

2.4.1 Definition of Perceived Supervisor Support ✅ (completed)

2.4.2 Social Exchange Theory

2.4.3 Perceived Supervisor Support and Employee Performance

2.4.4 Aspects of Perceived Supervisor Support

2.4.5 Perceived Supervisor Support as a Mediating Variable


Notice the flow:

What PSS is → Why it works (theory) → Evidence that it works → What supportive supervisors actually do → Why PSS mediates your model.

That is the order most examiners expect.


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2.4.2 Social Exchange Theory

extracted 


2.4.3 Perceived Supervisor Support and Employee Performance

Extracted 
  
APA References

Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. Wiley.

Eisenberger, R., Huntington, R., Hutchison, S., & Sowa, D. (1986). Perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(3), 500–507. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.71.3.500

Kottke, J. L., & Sharafinski, C. E. (1988). Measuring perceived supervisory and organizational support. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 48(4), 1075–1079. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164488484024

Rhoades, L., & Eisenberger, R. (2002). Perceived organizational support: A review of the literature. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), 698–714. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.4.698


---

One recommendation for your overall thesis: I think your Chapter 2 is beginning to show a clear narrative. You started with technological transformation, moved to employee performance, and now to Perceived Supervisor Support. 

The next step is to write Section 2.5 Organizational Factors in a way that naturally connects to PSS. That connection will make your mediation model feel like a logical progression rather than a set of separate variables, which is exactly what examiners tend to appreciate in a DBA literature review.

Norsanina.blogspot.com

NADI - National Diabetes

Applied 29/07/2026

Full job description

  • Assist in organizing, preparing and coordinating for Continuing Professional Developments (CPD) series
  • Responsible for the proper functioning of the Institute's office with respect to office security, staffing, office equipment, office' vehicles, fitting and consumables.
  • Responsible for liaising with clients including responding to queries and request for institute's services.
  • Perform any duties as directed by the Executive Director, Senior Manager, and other authorized personnel, including helping with research and providing clinical services to clients.
  • The administrative assistant is directly responsible to the senior manager and executive director.

Requirements:

  • Bachelor in any related field (science field is an added advantage)
  • Good command of spoken & written English and Bahasa with computer skills
  • Able to go outstation
  • Able to multitask and a good team player
  • Have pleasant and cheerful personality

Job Types: Full-time, Permanent

Pay: RM1,800.00 per month

Benefits:

  • Additional leave
  • Professional development

Work Location: In person


Norsanina.blogspot.com

Cover Letter - Lecturer



Dear Hiring Manager,

I am writing to express my interest in the position of Lecturer for Entrepreneurship & Basic Marketing at your institution. With a multidisciplinary professional background in finance, business operations, and higher education, I am eager to contribute my industry experience and passion for teaching to develop capable, ethical, and entrepreneurial graduates.

Throughout my career, I have gained practical experience in financial services, customer relationship management, and business operations, allowing me to bridge theoretical concepts with real-world applications. I believe students learn best when academic knowledge is connected to industry practice, particularly in entrepreneurship and marketing, where critical thinking, creativity, and problem-solving are essential.

Beyond my industry experience, I have developed a strong interest in curriculum design and innovative teaching methodologies. I strive to create engaging learning environments that encourage active participation, collaboration, and independent thinking. My goal is not only to help students understand business concepts but also to inspire them to become confident entrepreneurs and responsible future leaders.

I also value the importance of student consultation, mentorship, and pastoral care. I believe a lecturer's role extends beyond the classroom by supporting students' academic development, career aspirations, and personal growth. I am committed to being approachable, supportive, and willing to go the extra mile to ensure students receive quality guidance throughout their educational journey.

In addition, I am actively involved in academic research and am committed to continuously strengthening my research capabilities and publication record. I believe that engaging in research enhances teaching quality by ensuring students are exposed to current knowledge, emerging business trends, and evidence-based practices.

I would welcome the opportunity to contribute to your institution's academic excellence through quality teaching, curriculum development, research, and student engagement. I would be grateful for the opportunity to discuss how my experience, commitment, and enthusiasm align with your institution's vision.

Thank you for your time and consideration. I look forward to the opportunity to meet with you.

Yours sincerely,

Norsanina

 


465 - Miss the cat Bubium

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