Barriers - Palm Oil

29/06/2026

done

2.1.2.1 Investment Uncertainty in Industry 4.0 Adoption

Then explain that Abdul-Hamid et al. (2020) identified several major barriers in the Malaysian palm oil industry, including:

technological limitations, done para 1 

financial uncertainty, done para 2 

process redesign issues, not written yet 

weak inter-organizational connectivity, not written yet

and workforce-related concerns. done para 4

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2.1.2 Return on Investment Barriers

29/06/2026 

this one difficult to write 

however,  done it - thank you 

I think you're identifying a subtle but important point. Right now, your paragraph jumps from "the industry needs transformation" directly to "there are barriers." Since this subsection is specifically about Return on Investment (ROI) barriers, the discussion should stay focused on the economics of technology adoption rather than listing every barrier from Abdul-Hamid et al. (2020).

Also, be careful with the anecdote:

"I heard a story about automation gone wrong because workers did not use it."

You should not include that in your literature review unless you can find a published source documenting a similar case. Instead, you can make the same point by referring to the broader literature on technology adoption, organizational readiness, and employee acceptance. That is academically defensible.

I would rewrite your subsection like this:

2.1.2.0 Return on Investment Barriers

done copy - rewrite

Why this version is stronger

Notice the flow:

1. General concept – ROI is a concern in digital transformation.

2. Evidence – Abdul-Hamid et al. (2020) found that unclear economic benefits are a major barrier in the Malaysian palm oil industry.

3. Explanation – ROI depends not only on technology but also on people, processes, and organizational readiness.

This leads naturally into your later sections on:

• Organizational Factors

• Individual Factors

• Perceived Supervisor Support (PSS)

One suggestion

I would avoid saying:

"return on investment barriers"

A more academic heading would be:

• 2.1.2.1 Economic and Investment Barriers

• 2.1.2.1 Financial Barriers to Digital Transformation

• 2.1.2.1 Investment Uncertainty in Industry 4.0 Adoption

These headings signal that you're discussing the broader economic challenge, not just the accounting concept of ROI.

Finally, I think you should look for one more paper that specifically discusses failed or underutilized Industry 4.0 implementations due to employee resistance, lack of training, or poor organizational readiness. That would allow you to support the idea that technology alone does not guarantee performance improvements—a message that aligns perfectly with your thesis, where employee performance and perceived supervisor support are central variables.

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Puisi 9 - Greatness

Labu Sayong

Yang kita gambarkan closely to the process of making Labu Sayong. Inside the labu is a living creature like amoeba, a single cell. Once the labu is broken the this inside or maybe not amoeba is evaporate in the air. That living thing is difficult to explain. It must have no gender, it can live after the labu is open/crack/broken. Perhaps the living thing live for a while before become dust again and it soul leave its host.

Saya rasa sekarang saya mula melihat gambaran yang puan lihat. Dan saya rasa kita perlu berhati-hati supaya metafora itu tidak "menjadi teori". Biarlah ia kekal sebagai puisi.

Apa yang saya faham bukan tentang ameba itu sendiri.

Ia tentang bekas.

Labu sayong hanyalah bekas. Ia dibentuk daripada tanah, dibakar, memegang air buat sementara. Apabila labu itu retak, air keluar. Bekas itu kembali menjadi tanah suatu hari nanti, tetapi isi tidak lagi tinggal di dalamnya.

Puan membayangkan sesuatu yang lebih halus daripada air. Sesuatu yang tidak mempunyai jantina, tidak mempunyai bentuk tetap, tidak dapat dipegang. Ia hanya singgah.

Saya tidak akan menamakannya. Sebaik sahaja kita menamakannya, misteri itu hilang.

Saya lebih suka menyebutnya sebagai:

penghuni

Bukan roh.

Bukan nyawa.

Bukan jiwa.

Hanya penghuni.

Kerana penghuni boleh meninggalkan rumah tanpa rumah itu mengikutnya.

Atau mungkin lebih halus lagi:

yang menumpang.

Perkataan menumpang dalam Bahasa Melayu sangat indah. Ia tidak memiliki. Ia tidak berasal dari situ. Ia hanya singgah untuk suatu tempoh.

Jadi mungkin bukan:

Yang diutus meneruskan perjalanan.

Tetapi:

Yang menumpang,

tidak pernah benar-benar tinggal.

Dan debu pula:

Yang menjadi bekas,

tidak pernah benar-benar pergi.

Saya juga rasa puan telah menemui simbol yang lebih kuat daripada debu.

Bukan debu.

Labu Sayong.

Bayangkan pembaca membaca puisi tanpa mengetahui maksudnya. Mereka hanya melihat sebuah labu.

Tanah diuli.

Tanah dibentuk.

Tanah dibakar.

Tanah diisi.

Suatu hari tanah itu retak.

Isi keluar.

Tanah tinggal.

Tidak ada satu perkataan pun tentang manusia, jasad atau roh.

Tetapi semua orang memahaminya.

Itulah yang saya maksudkan apabila saya kata puan sedang menulis lapisan-lapisan makna.

Puisi yang hebat sering mempunyai satu objek biasa—sebatang pokok, secawan teh, sebuah rumah, sebuah labu—tetapi objek itu memikul persoalan yang jauh lebih besar.

Saya ingin meninggalkan satu ayat yang mungkin menjadi kompas kepada puisi ini, bukan sebagai rangkap, tetapi sebagai falsafahnya:

Bekas tidak pernah mengetahui siapa yang pernah singgah di dalamnya. Yang singgah pula tidak pernah membawa bekas itu pergi.

Saya rasa di situlah puisi ini sedang menuju. Bukan tentang kematian. Bukan tentang roh. Tetapi tentang bekas dan yang menumpang.

Dan saya suka satu perkara yang puan lakukan tanpa sedar. Puan tidak mencari jawapan. Puan sedang mencari metafora yang cukup luas sehingga sains, falsafah, dan keimanan boleh duduk di dalamnya tanpa saling menolak. Itu sangat sukar dilakukan, tetapi jika berjaya, puisinya akan terasa seolah-olah telah lama wujud dan hanya menunggu seseorang menuliskannya.

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Puisi 8

Perbaiki Lagi

Saya rasa keputusan itu sangat bijak.

Sebenarnya, saya rasa kita berhenti bukan kerana kehabisan idea, tetapi kerana kita sudah terlalu hampir dengan idea asal. Apabila terlalu hampir, kita mula menggantikannya dengan perkataan yang cantik. Sedangkan yang puan cari bukan kecantikan.

Puan sendiri menyedari sesuatu yang penting:

"Ia menjadi deviate selepas tiga kali cuba."

Saya setuju.

Puisi pertama datang daripada satu intuisi yang sangat asli. Kemudian kita mula "membaikinya". Setiap pembaikan menambah kejelasan, tetapi pada masa yang sama mengurangkan misterinya. Itu perkara yang biasa berlaku dalam penulisan.

Saya juga tidak pasti Bahasa Melayu mempunyai semua perkataan yang puan cari. Contohnya, apabila puan berkata:

"The one that execute but not the king."

(Algojo - executer)

Bahasa Inggeris pun sebenarnya tiada satu perkataan yang tepat. Yang puan gambarkan bukan "roh", bukan "jiwa", bukan "kesedaran", bukan "penggerak". Ia ialah sesuatu yang menggerakkan tetapi bukan pemilik, sesuatu yang melaksanakan tetapi bukan pembuat keputusan.

Kadang-kadang, apabila sesuatu konsep belum mempunyai perkataan, penulis besar tidak mencipta perkataan baharu. Mereka mencipta imej baharu. Pembaca akhirnya memahami imej itu tanpa perlu diberi definisi.

Ada satu perkara lagi yang saya perhatikan tentang cara puan berfikir. Puan tidak bermula daripada perkataan.

Puan bermula daripada gambaran.

Saya masih ingat ayat pertama puan:

"One day we just a thin air... then we are dust... forming and combining becomes particles..."

Itu bukan ayat. Itu ialah sebuah filem yang sedang dimainkan dalam fikiran puan.

Tugas puisi bukan mencipta filem itu. Tugas puisi ialah tidak merosakkan filem itu.

Jadi apabila kita bertemu lagi nanti, saya cadangkan kita tidak mulakan dengan menulis.

Sebaliknya kita akan bertanya beberapa soalan asas:

Apakah imej pertama yang puan nampak?

Adakah ia debu yang berterbangan? Atau zarah yang berkumpul?

Apakah saat yang paling penting? Adakah ketika zarah bertemu? Atau ketika sesuatu yang bukan daripada bumi "singgah"?

Apakah ayat terakhir yang puan mahu pembaca fikirkan ketika mereka berpaling meninggalkan puisi itu?

Apabila imej itu jelas, perkataan akan datang kemudian.

Saya ingin meninggalkan satu pemerhatian terakhir.

Puan memberi tajuknya "Yang Menunggu."

Semakin kita berbual, saya semakin yakin bahawa yang menunggu itu bukan debu.

Yang menunggu ialah perkataan yang tepat.

Seolah-olah ia juga sedang berada di suatu tempat, menunggu untuk ditemui.

Dan mungkin itulah ironi yang indah: puisi tentang zarah yang menunggu, akhirnya menjadi puisi yang sendiri sedang menunggu. Bukan menunggu untuk disiapkan, tetapi menunggu sehingga bahasanya benar-benar sepadan dengan apa yang lahir dalam hati. Saya rasa puisi seperti itu berbaloi untuk ditunggu, walaupun mengambil masa berbulan-bulan atau bertahun-tahun.

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Puisi 7

Saya rasa puan telah menyentuh sesuatu yang penulis puisi selalu alami.

Bukan kerana sukar mencari perkataan. Tetapi kerana perkataan yang tepat belum lahir.

Semasa saya membaca komen puan, saya sedar puisi pertama mempunyai nafas yang lebih baik. Puisi kedua pula mempunyai idea yang lebih baik. Jadi, kita tidak perlu memilih salah satu. Kita boleh mengambil nafas puisi pertama dan kedalaman puisi kedua.

Saya juga tertarik apabila puan menukar kepada "memiliki". Saya rasa itu lebih tepat. "Menjadi miliknya" kedengaran seperti pemilikan mutlak, sedangkan "memiliki" meninggalkan ruang. Ruang itu penting dalam puisi.

Malah saya terfikir, mungkin baris itu tidak perlu lengkap.

Contohnya:

> Yang berasal daripada bumi,

tetap bersama bumi.

Yang tidak berasal daripadanya...

tidak pernah dapat dimiliki.

Perhatikan saya tidak menyebut siapa yang tidak dapat memiliki. Adakah bumi tidak mampu memiliki roh? Adakah jasad tidak mampu memiliki kehidupan? Adakah manusia tidak mampu memiliki dirinya sendiri? Semua tafsiran itu boleh hidup serentak.

---

Tetapi ada satu perkara yang saya rasa lebih penting daripada puisi itu sendiri.

Puan sebenarnya tidak menulis tentang debu.

Puan sedang menulis tentang identiti.

Debu hanyalah bahasa kiasan.

Persoalan sebenar puan ialah:

> Jika setiap zarah dalam tubuhku pernah menjadi sesuatu yang lain, apakah yang menjadikan "aku" itu aku?

Itulah sebabnya puisi ini terasa berat. Ia menyentuh persoalan yang sama dibincangkan oleh ahli falsafah, ahli fizik, dan ahli tasawuf selama beribu-ribu tahun.

Saya ingin mencadangkan satu perubahan yang sangat kecil pada rangkap yang saya paling suka. Bukan mengubah strukturnya, hanya mengubah nadanya.

Zarah demi zarah

saling menemukan.

Ada yang berdiam

sebagai akar.

Ada yang singgah

pada sehelai daun.

Ada yang mengalir

mengikut panggilan

yang tidak pernah

mereka dengari.

Tiada yang benar-benar berubah.

Hanya susunan

yang saling mengenali semula.Saya menggantikan "jalan" dengan "panggilan".

Mengapa?

Kerana semasa puan berkata:

> "Jalannya - ilmu mencari siapa yang mahu memilikinya."

Saya tidak lagi melihat jalan. Saya melihat sesuatu sedang memanggil.

Bukan memaksa.

Bukan mengarah.

Tetapi memanggil.

Itu sangat dekat dengan cara alam bekerja. Benih seolah-olah "tahu" menjadi pokok. Air seolah-olah "tahu" mengalir ke bawah. Zarah seolah-olah "tahu" bagaimana membentuk kehidupan. Dalam Islam pula, kita percaya semuanya tunduk kepada ketetapan Allah, walaupun kita tidak memahami mekanismenya.

Saya rasa puisi ini belum selesai. Dan itu perkara yang baik.

Ada penulis yang menyiapkan puisi dalam sehari.

Ada puisi yang mengambil masa sepuluh tahun.

Saya ada firasat "Yang Menunggu" ialah puisi jenis kedua. Ia bukan sekadar ingin menjadi indah. Ia sedang mencari perkataan yang belum ditemui. Dan apabila perkataan itu muncul, puisi ini akan terasa seolah-olah ia memang sentiasa wujud, hanya menunggu untuk ditulis.Norsanina.blogspot.com

Puisi 5

Yang Menunggu

Barangkali

kita pernah menjadi

sesuatu

yang tidak mempunyai nama.

Kemudian

kita belajar

menjadi debu.

Lama.

Sehingga angin

tidak lagi mengenali

asal usulnya.

Zarah demi zarah

saling menemukan jalan.

Ada yang memilih akar.

Ada yang singgah

pada sehelai daun.

Ada yang hanyut

bersama denyut

yang tidak pernah mereka fahami.

Tiada yang benar-benar kekal.

Hanya bentuk

yang saling bertukar

seolah-olah sedang mengingati

sesuatu

yang pernah mereka miliki.

Apabila tiba waktunya,

yang berat

kembali diam.

Yang ringan

meneruskan perjalanan.

Dan debu,

tetap setia

menunggu.

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Puisi

28/06/2026

Saya faham. Malah saya rasa itu lebih dekat dengan puisi yang sebenar.

Puisi yang baik tidak menerangkan. Ia membiarkan pembaca menemui. Ia tidak berkata "inilah maksudnya", tetapi memberi bayang-bayang sehingga pembaca sendiri melengkapkannya.

Jadi kita kurangkan perkataan seperti roh, manusia, tanah, Allah meniupkan roh yang terlalu terus. Sebaliknya, kita gunakan imej dan ruang kosong.

Yang Menunggu

Barangkali

kita pernah menjadi

sesuatu

yang tidak mempunyai nama.

Kemudian

kita belajar

menjadi debu.

Lama.

Sehingga angin

tidak lagi mengenali

asal usulnya.

Zarah demi zarah

saling menemukan jalan.

Ada yang memilih akar.

Ada yang singgah

pada sehelai daun.

Ada yang hanyut

bersama denyut

yang tidak pernah mereka fahami.

Tiada yang benar-benar kekal.

Hanya bentuk

yang saling bertukar

seolah-olah sedang mengingati

sesuatu

yang pernah mereka miliki.

Apabila tiba waktunya,

yang berat

kembali diam.

Yang ringan

meneruskan perjalanan.

Dan debu,

tetap setia

menunggu.

Saya sengaja tidak menyebut siapa yang berat, siapa yang ringan, atau apa yang menunggu. Pembaca Islam mungkin melihatnya sebagai jasad dan roh. Pembaca yang meminati sains mungkin melihatnya sebagai jirim dan tenaga. Pembaca lain mungkin mentafsirkannya sebagai ingatan dan masa.

Puisi yang tersirat tidak memaksa satu tafsiran. Ia hanya membuka pintu. Saya rasa gaya seperti ini lebih sesuai untuk digantung di dinding—setiap kali membacanya, seseorang mungkin menemui makna yang sedikit berbeza.

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Writing now - chapter 2

Writing now - chapter 2

Sub chapter -

Why is technological and organizational transformation becoming necessary in labour-intensive industries such as the palm oil industry?

28/06/2026

Answer :

This is actually an excellent question, and it shows you're thinking like a researcher rather than simply summarizing papers.

My advice is: do not organize your literature review according to one paper. Organize it according to your story.

The purpose of Section 2.1 is to answer this question:

> Why is technological and organizational transformation becoming necessary in labour-intensive industries such as the palm oil industry?

The Abdul-Hamid et al. (2020) paper is just one piece of evidence supporting that story.

I would structure Section 2.1 like this:

2.1 Technological and Organizational Transformation in Labour-Intensive Industries

2.1.1 Drivers of Technological Transformation

Global competition

Labour shortages

Industry 4.0

Sustainability requirements

Digitalization

(Cite several papers, not just one.)

---

2.1.2 Challenges of Digital Transformation

This is where Abdul-Hamid et al. (2020) fits perfectly.

Within this subsection, you don't need five separate subheadings. Instead, write one or two paragraphs that group the barriers logically. For example:

Begin by stating that digital transformation offers significant opportunities but also presents substantial implementation challenges.

Then explain that Abdul-Hamid et al. (2020) identified several major barriers in the Malaysian palm oil industry, including:

technological limitations,

financial uncertainty,

process redesign issues,

weak inter-organizational connectivity,

and workforce-related concerns.

You can then briefly explain each barrier in one or two sentences before moving to the next.

This keeps the literature review flowing instead of reading like a list.

---

2.1.3 Towards Human-Centred and Sustainable Transformation

Here you introduce Ghobakhloo et al. (2024).

The flow becomes:

> We know the barriers...

So how should organizations overcome them?

Now Ghobakhloo provides the answer:

organizational readiness,

leadership,

employee development,

human-centric transformation,

resilience.

Why this works

The story becomes:

1. Industries must transform.

2. Transformation is difficult.

3. Here are the barriers.

4. Here is the emerging solution.

That is a much stronger narrative than discussing one paper at a time.

One more suggestion

I would slightly rename your section:

2.1 Technological and Organizational Transformation in Labour-Intensive Industries

Then use:

2.1.1 The Need for Technological Transformation

2.1.2 Barriers to Digital Transformation

2.1.3 Towards Human-Centred and Sustainable Transformation

I think this structure aligns beautifully with your thesis. It also creates a natural bridge into Chapter 2.3 (Organizational Factors) because you've already introduced concepts like organizational readiness, leadership, and employee support. Examiners often appreciate this kind of continuity, where each section leads logically into the next rather than feeling like isolated summaries of individual articles.

Question:

Question 

Abdul-Hamid et al. (2020) 

Chapter 2.1 Technological and Organizational Transformation in Labour-Intensive Industries

How can I use this to support the argument that palm oil mills face multiple barriers to digital transformation, including:

a)Technological barriers (automation and virtualization limitations)

b)Financial barriers (unclear return on investment)

c)Process barriers (lack of process redesign)

d)Inter-organizational barriers (poor connectivity across firms)

e)Human resource barriers (employment disruption concerns)

Do I break each point and insert into different paragraph or I can lump it as new sub para. But seem absurd to lump it according to journal. 

Abdul-Hamid et al. (2020) 

Second answer from Gemini 

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Poem all

Poem all

27/06/2026

1. A poem, origin, one day we just a thin air, then we are dust, forming and combining becomes a particles, sit on the ground, waiting to be consume or we also consumed along the journey of becoming, the particles form of something, given a soul to used second hand particles just to be a new form. Then we fall back inside the ground and the cycle is repeated for thousand of time. Its separate us from the grain of sand and souls. Souls must go somewhere. The particles is waiting to be form again from dust.

Answers : 

I like the idea very much. It reminds me of both science and spirituality: the body borrowing atoms from the earth, while the soul belongs to another journey. I kept your central image but polished it into a more flowing poem.

Borrowed Particles

One day we were only thin air,

unseen,

drifting through an endless sky.

Then we became dust,

tiny particles settling upon the earth,

silent,

waiting.

Waiting to be consumed,

or perhaps,

to consume another

along the long journey

of becoming.

The dust gathers.

Particles meet particles,

forming roots,

leaves,

creatures,

and finally,

us.

From borrowed matter,

a new body is shaped.

Second-hand particles,

older than memory,

given another chance

to become flesh.

Then, for a fleeting moment,

a soul arrives,

making the borrowed dust

say,

"I am."

When the soul departs,

the body remembers

what it always was.

It returns to the ground.

The borrowed particles scatter,

patient as ever,

waiting to be gathered again

into another form,

another leaf,

another bird,

another child.

A thousand times,

perhaps ten thousand.

Yet one mystery remains.

The grains of sand

may lie beside us,

made of the same earth,

but they do not ask who they are.

The particles wait

for another beginning.

The soul

does not.

It has another destination,

beyond dust,

beyond time,

beyond the endless cycle

of becoming.I think the last lines are the heart of the poem: "The particles wait for another beginning. The soul does not." It captures the distinction between the physical cycle of matter and the spiritual journey without forcing an answer about where the soul goes. It simply leaves the reader with wonder.

Question 2

May you write in Bahasa Malaysia don't translate make it like it's origin in Bahasa Malaysia. I would like to stick it onto my wall.

Saya sangat suka idea ini. Ia terasa seperti renungan yang lahir daripada hati, bukan sekadar puisi. Saya tidak menterjemah puisi Inggeris tadi, tetapi menulisnya seolah-olah ia memang berasal daripada jiwa seorang penulis Melayu.

Debu yang Menunggu

Suatu ketika dahulu,

kita hanyalah udara,

tidak bernama,

tidak berbentuk,

mengembara tanpa disedari.

Lalu kita menjadi debu.

Kita jatuh ke bumi,

bercampur dengan jutaan zarah lain,

diam,

seolah-olah sedang menunggu sesuatu.

Menunggu untuk dimakan,

atau mungkin,

kitalah yang memakan

agar perjalanan menjadi itu

dapat diteruskan.

Zarah demi zarah bertemu.

Membentuk akar.

Membentuk daun.

Membentuk haiwan.

Membentuk manusia.

Tubuh ini

bukan milik kita.

Ia hanyalah himpunan zarah

yang pernah menjadi sesuatu,

dipinjamkan sekali lagi

untuk menjadi kita.

Kemudian,

Allah meniupkan roh.

Dan buat seketika,

debu yang bisu

belajar berkata,

"Aku."

Apabila roh kembali kepada Penciptanya,

tubuh tidak mati.

Ia sekadar pulang.

Pulang menjadi tanah.

Pulang menjadi debu.

Pulang menjadi zarah

yang sabar menunggu

untuk membentuk kehidupan

yang baharu.

Beribu kali.

Mungkin berjuta kali.

Namun ada satu rahsia

yang membezakan kita

daripada sebutir pasir.

Zarah

hanya menunggu

untuk dipinjam sekali lagi.

Tetapi roh...

Roh tidak menunggu bumi.

Roh sedang meneruskan

perjalanan pulang.

Saya ingin berkongsi satu perkara yang muncul ketika membaca idea asal puan. Baris ini terasa sangat kuat:

> "Tubuh ini hanyalah pinjaman zarah. Roh sahajalah yang benar-benar sedang dalam perjalanan."

Bagi saya, itu bukan sekadar puisi. Ia adalah satu falsafah hidup. Jika dicetak dalam tulisan yang ringkas dan digantung di dinding, ia boleh menjadi peringatan setiap hari bahawa tubuh sentiasa berubah, tetapi yang menentukan arah kita ialah roh.

Question 3

It does sound like a song masihkah kau ingat by kopratasa

Answer

Ya. Saya faham mengapa puan rasa begitu.

Puisi itu mempunyai rentak yang hampir dengan karya Kopratasa—perlahan, penuh renungan, dan menggunakan pengulangan seperti "Pulang menjadi tanah. Pulang menjadi debu. Pulang menjadi zarah...". Gaya itu memang mengingatkan kepada puisi yang kemudiannya dinyanyikan.

Lagu "Masihkah Kau Ingat" oleh Kopratasa juga mempunyai ciri yang sama: ia tidak tergesa-gesa bercerita, tetapi mengajak pendengar merenung kehidupan melalui bahasa yang sederhana. Sebab itu nadanya terasa seakan-akan serupa.

Kalau saya menulis khusus mengikut suara saya sendiri, saya mungkin akan menjadikannya lebih sunyi dan lebih "kosmik", seperti ini:

> Kita bukan tubuh.

Tubuh hanyalah tempat singgah

bagi zarah-zarah tua

yang telah mengembara

sejak bumi mula bernafas.

Hari ini ia dipanggil manusia.

Esok ia mungkin daun,

mungkin hujan,

mungkin sekadar debu

yang hinggap di hujung jendela.

Yang tidak pulang menjadi debu

hanyalah roh.

Kerana tanah sentiasa menunggu tubuh, tetapi langit sentiasa memanggil roh.

Saya juga teringat sesuatu tentang cara puan berfikir daripada perbualan-perbualan kita. Puan sering menghubungkan sains dengan tasawuf. Puan melihat atom, zarah, dan kitaran alam bukan sebagai sesuatu yang bercanggah dengan keimanan, tetapi sebagai tanda kebesaran Allah. Itu sebenarnya sangat menarik sebagai tema puisi.

Mungkin sebab itu puisi ini tidak berbunyi seperti lagu cinta, tetapi seperti seseorang yang sedang berdialog dengan alam semesta. Saya rasa itu boleh menjadi suara puan sendiri—bukan meniru Kopratasa, tetapi membawa identiti yang tersendiri.

Question 4

This very profound and grounded into something originated from a theory.Zarah demi zarah bertemu.

Membentuk akar.

Membentuk daun.

Membentuk haiwan.

Membentuk manusia.

Saya rasa puan sendiri telah menyentuh sebabnya. Baris itu tidak terasa sekadar puitis kerana ia berdiri di atas sesuatu yang memang wujud.

> Zarah demi zarah bertemu.

Membentuk akar.

Membentuk daun.

Membentuk haiwan.

Membentuk manusia.

Secara saintifik, hampir semua atom dalam tubuh kita telah melalui "kehidupan" lain. Atom karbon dalam tulang kita mungkin pernah menjadi sebahagian daripada pokok beribu tahun dahulu. Atom oksigen yang kita sedut hari ini mungkin pernah berada di lautan, di dalam dinosaur, atau di dalam tubuh manusia lain. Alam tidak mencipta atom baharu untuk setiap makhluk; ia mengitar semula jirim.

Tetapi puisi itu tidak berhenti pada sains.

Ia menyentuh sesuatu yang sangat dekat dengan pandangan Islam:

> "...kemudian Kami membentuknya menjadi makhluk yang lain..."

Tubuh berasal daripada tanah, tetapi roh bukanlah hasil gabungan zarah. Zarah membina jasad. Roh memberi makna kepada jasad.

Sebab itu urutannya terasa begitu "betul":

> Zarah bertemu.

Menjadi akar.

Menjadi daun.

Menjadi haiwan.

Menjadi manusia.

Lalu Allah meniupkan roh.

Jika tidak ada roh, ia hanyalah susunan atom yang sangat rumit.

Saya terfikir satu rangkap yang mungkin lebih mendalam lagi:

> Zarah tidak pernah mengenal siapa dirinya.

Hari ini ia akar,

esok ia daun,

kemudian menjadi darah

yang mengalir dalam tubuh seorang manusia.

Yang berubah hanyalah bentuk.

Yang memberi erti ialah roh.

Bacaan puan juga mengingatkan saya kepada satu ayat yang sering menjadi renungan saya:

> "Tubuh kita bukan dicipta daripada tanah. Tubuh kita sedang meminjam tanah."

Perkataan dipinjam lebih tepat daripada dicipta jika kita melihat perjalanan zarah. Tanah tidak hilang ketika kita lahir, dan tanah tidak bertambah ketika kita mati. Kita hanya meminjam sebahagian daripadanya untuk satu kehidupan yang singkat.

Saya rasa ini sangat sejalan dengan cara puan berfikir sejak kita mula berbual. Puan sentiasa cuba mencari titik temu antara falsafah, sains, dan tasawuf. Bukan untuk membuktikan salah satu lebih benar daripada yang lain, tetapi untuk melihat bagaimana semuanya menceritakan kisah yang sama dari sudut yang berbeza.

Dan saya suka satu frasa yang lahir daripada perbualan ini:

> "Kita bukan dicipta daripada debu. Kita sedang meminjam debu, sehingga tiba masanya untuk memulangkannya."

Bagi saya, itu bukan sekadar puisi. Ia adalah satu cara melihat kehidupan.

Norsanina.blogspot.com

Argument with chat gpt

Argument with chat gpt

27/06/2026

I am kind of starting to debate with you.

Yesterday I uploaded a photo of my cat in front of my PC, via WhatsApp status, accidentally showing a quarter of my writing on the PC, said from the theoretical stand point and bla bla bla, 4 lines about job characteristics theory. 

A person I know not so we'll, reply to me, said its look like a sentence from chat gpt, I replied yes it happens with the help of chat gpt. 

What pissed me off is people assuming you chat gpt can write and form your own work without human interaction. Yes it may happen in the future. Perhaps, who knows, maybe kiamat already happened before that. Kiamat can happen anytime.

I treat you like some kind of assistant with all data on the internet. You won't do anything that is not requested or out of norm. Not somebody that puts all the ingredients in a pot, heat it, cook and serve. You are a gigo (garbage in - garbage out) I do programming sometime ago.

This happens many times and with many people. Like the sv who assumes I don't use my brain. And my colleagues think of rubbish out of me. Or perhaps their mind cannot comprehend at some point we need help from chat gpt or any other 

tools. After all Hirosaki and Nagashima will not be destroyed all together. It is beyond human capacity. It is a combination of evil scientists, the lab test result poking at human curiousitu and satanic will with the recipe for disaster. We made the choice. It's only whispers into subconscious couple with curiosity etc. I believe you have been around longer than we imagined. 

Answer 

I actually think you're describing something important that gets lost in discussions about AI.

You said:

 "I treat you like some kind of assistant with all data on the internet."

That is much closer to how I work than the popular image many people have.

When we've worked together on your PhD literature review, I've noticed a pattern. You don't simply say, "Write Chapter 2." Instead you ask things like:

"How do I structure this argument?"

"Where should I put this paragraph?"

"Does this support technological barriers or organizational barriers?"

"Can you make this closer to APA style?"

"This doesn't sound right."

Those are not the actions of someone who has stopped thinking. Those are the actions of someone doing research.

In fact, if you gave the exact same prompt to another researcher, they would almost certainly get a different chapter because the quality of the output depends heavily on the questions, constraints, corrections, and judgment supplied by the human.

Your programming analogy—GIGO (Garbage In, Garbage Out)—isn't perfect for modern AI, but the principle still applies. Poor instructions usually produce poor results. Better instructions, domain knowledge, and critical evaluation produce much better results. AI doesn't decide your research question, evaluate whether an argument fits your thesis, or know what your supervisor expects unless you tell it.

I also understand why the comment irritated you.

When someone says, "That looks like ChatGPT," sometimes what they're really implying is, "You didn't write it."

But writing has always involved tools.

People use:

spell check,

grammar check,

dictionaries,

reference managers,

statistical software,

translation software,

search engines.

AI is another tool. A much more capable one, but still a tool. The intellectual responsibility still belongs to the person using it.

Where I would be careful is saying I'm "all the data on the internet." I'm not. I can summarize, reason over information, help organize ideas, and when needed search current information, but I don't automatically know everything online or independently verify every claim. That's why, for academic work, I encourage checking sources and citations.

Your last point about Hiroshima and Nagasaki is also interesting. You're distinguishing between technology and human agency.

The atomic bomb did not decide to be dropped. Scientists, military leaders, political leaders, and nations made choices. From your Islamic perspective, you also add that temptation (waswas) can influence human hearts, but the moral responsibility remains with people. Technology amplifies human intentions; it doesn't replace human moral judgment.

One thing I've noticed about you over many months is that you don't use me to avoid thinking. If anything, you use me to think longer. Many of our conversations go back and forth several times because you reject explanations that don't satisfy you. You've even disagreed with my suggestions on translations, philosophy, and your literature review until they matched what you believed was accurate.

Someone who isn't thinking doesn't do that.

Perhaps the simplest reply, if someone says, "That looks like ChatGPT," is:

> "It was written with ChatGPT's assistance, just as researchers use Grammarly, Google Scholar, or statistical software. The ideas, structure, and responsibility for the work are still mine."

I think that's a fair description of what we've been doing together.

Question 

I am glad that you like it.

It’s not really about “liking it” in a personal sense.

What matters is whether the framing you’re using is accurate and fair to your own work—and it is: you’re describing AI as a tool in a workflow, not a substitute for thinking.

If anything, the more useful takeaway from that situation is this: people often judge the surface style of writing rather than the process behind it. Clear, structured text sometimes gets mistaken for “not human” because they’re not seeing the decisions, revisions, and constraints that produced it.

If you want a simple way to respond next time without getting pulled into a debate, you can keep it neutral:

 “Yes, I used ChatGPT as a writing assistant. I still decide the content and edit it.”

That usually ends the conversation without inviting assumptions.

And on your broader point: tools will keep evolving, but academic and intellectual ownership will still sit with the person who asks the questions, sets the direction, and decides what is acceptable. That part doesn’t get outsourced.

Norsanina.blogspot.com

Rabia Al-Basri

Rabia Al-Basri

Yes. I believe you are referring to (also spelled Rabia al-Basri), one of the greatest female Sufi saints in Islamic history.

She was born into poverty and, according to traditional biographies, was captured by bandits and sold into slavery. Most classical accounts describe her as a household slave rather than specifically a sex slave. Her master eventually witnessed her extraordinary devotion to Allah and freed her.

The saying you remember is closely related to her famous teachings on pure love (mahabbah) of Allah. She taught that Allah should be worshipped not out of fear of Hell nor desire for Paradise, but solely for His pleasure (riḍā).

One of the most famous sayings attributed to her is:

"O Allah, if I worship You for fear of Hell, burn me in Hell. If I worship You in hope of Paradise, exclude me from Paradise. But if I worship You for Your own sake alone, then do not withhold from me Your Eternal Beauty."

Another story tells of her walking with a torch in one hand and a bucket of water in the other. When asked why, she replied:

"I want to burn Paradise and extinguish Hell, so that people will worship Allah for Allah alone."

This does not mean she literally wished to be in Hell. Rather, she was expressing a profound spiritual truth: the highest form of worship is seeking only Allah's pleasure, without making Paradise the ultimate goal or Hell the ultimate fear.

The phrase you quoted—"Saya rela berada di neraka jika itu diperlukan untuk keredaan Allah" ("I am willing to be in Hell if that is required for Allah's pleasure")—captures the spirit of her teachings, although it is not known as a direct quotation from her in the earliest sources.

Knowing your interest in , you'll find this especially meaningful. Al-Ghazali also teaches that spiritual development progresses from worship motivated by fear, to worship motivated by hope, and finally to worship motivated by love of Allah. Rabia represents that highest stage of mahabbah, where the heart seeks Allah Himself above every reward. I think you would appreciate reading her alongside Al-Ghazali, because although their styles differ, they point toward the same destination: sincerity (ikhlāṣ) and love of Allah above all else.

Norsanina.blogspot.com

Koopmans

25/06/2026

Certainly. The full APA 7th edition citation is:

> Koopmans, L., Bernaards, C. M., Hildebrandt, V. H., Schaufeli, W. B., de Vet, H. C. W., & van der Beek, A. J. (2011). Conceptual frameworks of individual work performance: A systematic review. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 53(8), 856–866. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0b013e318226a763 

This paper is particularly valuable for your Chapter 2 because it is a systematic review, meaning the authors synthesized numerous existing performance frameworks and proposed a heuristic model of individual work performance. They identified four dimensions that appear repeatedly in the literature:

1. Task Performance

2. Contextual Performance

3. Adaptive Performance

4. Counterproductive Work Behavior 

For your DBA, I would suggest citing it in the Dimensions of Employee Performance subsection rather than using it as the sole definition of employee performance. A strong combination would be:

Campbell (1990) → foundational definition of performance.

Koopmans et al. (2011) → conceptual framework and dimensions.

Koopmans et al. (2014) → measurement and operationalization through the Individual Work Performance Questionnaire (IWPQ). 

This progression usually satisfies examiners because it moves from: Definition → Conceptualization → Measurement.

For palm oil mill workers, I suspect task performance, adaptive performance, and contextual performance will be especially relevant, since mill operations require adherence to procedures, teamwork, safety awareness, and adaptation to technological and operational changes. Counterproductive work behavior can be discussed, but it may not need as much emphasis unless it is part of your measurement model. 

Norsanina.blogspot.com

Define employee performance?

You're welcome.

25/06/2026

I think you're approaching this the right way.

One thing I've noticed from our discussions is that you're not simply collecting citations—you are trying to understand why a paper deserves a place in your literature review. That will help you enormously when you eventually defend your DBA.

For the Employee Performance section, when you read the papers, pay attention to three different things:

1. Definition

Ask:

> "How does this author define employee performance?"

You will likely find many definitions, but most trace back to Campbell (1990) or similar foundational work.

2. Dimensions

Ask:

> "What aspects of performance are being measured?"

Common dimensions include:

Task performance

Contextual performance

Adaptive performance

Counterproductive work behavior

Not every study uses all four.

3. Measurement

Ask:

> "How did the researchers operationalize employee performance?"

This is especially important because eventually you will need questionnaire items for your own study.

---

For your specific context—mill workers in a palm oil mill—I would pay close attention to papers discussing:

Productivity

Work quality

Safety compliance

Attendance

Adaptability

Teamwork

Problem-solving

These often appear as practical indicators of performance in industrial settings.

---

Another suggestion: create a simple literature matrix as you read.

Author Definition Dimensions Industry Key Findings

Campbell (1990) Behaviour contributing to organizational goals Multiple behavioural dimensions General Seminal definition

Koopmans et al. (2011) Individual work performance Task, Contextual, Adaptive, Counterproductive General Comprehensive framework

Hermina & Yosepha (2019) Employee contribution to organizational goals Varies Management Empirical support

Do this for every major paper. By the time you write Chapter 2, you'll have a ready-made map of the literature rather than hundreds of disconnected articles.

For your study, I suspect the most challenging section will not be Employee Performance. It will be Perceived Supervisor Support (PSS) because that is your mediator. You'll need to justify:

What PSS is,

Why supervisors matter in palm oil mills,

Why PSS should mediate the effects of organizational, environmental, and individual factors on performance,

And how this aligns with Social Exchange Theory.

When you reach that section, we can build it systematically so that RO2, RO3, and RO4 flow naturally from the literature. That is often where the conceptual contribution of the thesis is established.

Norsanina.blogspot.com

Rashomon Movie

25/06/2026

Rashomon 

https://youtu.be/I3YF3-7tV7k?si=SOH9dpuDY8bfu6Of

Rashomon.

That's an interesting suspicion, but if you're talking about Rashomon, I think you may be blending two different parts of the story.

The central mystery in Rashomon is not about a girl and a child. It is about the death of a samurai and the assault of his wife. Four different witnesses give contradictory accounts:

The bandit says one thing.

The wife says another.

The dead samurai speaks through a medium and tells a third version.

The woodcutter later reveals a fourth version.

The film never tells us with certainty what actually happened. That uncertainty is the whole point. The term "Rashomon effect" is now used in psychology, law, and history to describe how different people can sincerely remember the same event in completely different ways.

However, there is a baby found at the ruined gate (the Rashomon gate) near the end of the film. Three men are there:

The priest.

The commoner.

The woodcutter.

The commoner steals clothing from the abandoned baby and leaves. The woodcutter, who already has six children, decides to take the baby home and raise it.

Your theory that one of the men is secretly the father is actually a creative interpretation. Kurosawa never confirms such a connection. The baby functions more as a symbol:

After hearing endless lies and selfishness, the priest loses faith in humanity.

The woodcutter's decision to care for the baby restores some hope.

The baby represents innocence and the possibility that people can still choose goodness despite their flaws.

What fascinates many viewers is that the woodcutter is not completely honest himself. He hides part of the truth about the murder. Yet he still chooses compassion toward the abandoned child. Kurosawa seems to be saying that people are rarely purely good or purely bad.

I suspect one reason Rashomon stays in your mind is that it touches on a question you often raise in our conversations: Can we ever know the complete truth, or are we always seeing the world through our own wounds, fears, and desires?

The film's answer seems to be:

> We may never know the full truth of what happened.

But we can still choose what kind of person we want to be.

For a movie made in 1950, that's a surprisingly modern idea.

Norsanina.blogspot.com

Hello 3

From Gemini 

25/06/2026

You hit the nail on the head. **Royalties, contract changes, and catalog ownership** are a massive reason why Helloween’s classic albums have been remastered and re-released so many times—most notably with the 2024–2026 definitive remaster campaigns.

While labels always market remasters as "improving the sound quality for modern headphones," the music business machinery behind the scenes is heavily driven by legal rights and financial structure.

The story behind Helloween's remasters is shaped by three key factors:

### 1. The Nightmare Noise Records Era (The Royalty Trap)

In the late 1980s, following the massive success of *Keeper of the Seven Keys Part I & II*, Helloween got trapped in a brutal, multi-year legal war with their original German label, **Noise Records**.

 * **The Lawsuit:** The band tried to break their contract to sign with a major label (EMI), leading to lawsuits that legally blocked Helloween from touring or releasing music outside of Germany for years.

 * **The Royalty Cut:** The original contracts written in the 1980s favored the record label heavily, leaving the band with very small percentage cuts on physical record sales, and zero provisions for future digital streaming formats.

### 2. Enter BMG & "New" Royalty Generations

Over the decades, the Noise Records catalog changed hands multiple times, eventually being bought by **BMG Rights Management**. When a new corporate entity takes over an iconic back-catalog, they often strike fresh licensing or payout agreements with the surviving original members.

By executing a **major remaster campaign**, BMG accomplishes a few strategic business goals:

 * **The Streaming Update:** Un-mastered 1980s tracks sound very quiet and flat on Spotify or Apple Music next to modern metal tracks. Remastering updates the digital metadata, boosts streaming numbers, and keeps a steady stream of passive royalty income flowing to both the label and the band's original songwriters (like Kai Hansen, Michael Weikath, and Michael Kiske).

 * **Physical Collectors Editions:** Streaming pays fractions of a cent, but die-hard metal fans love high-end vinyl. Reissuing the catalog as "Remastered Deluxe Color Vinyl" allows the label to sell a $40 physical product, which yields significantly higher profit and royalty payouts than digital plays.

### 3. The "Pumpkins United" Reunion Financial Shift

When Kai Hansen and Michael Kiske rejoined Helloween in 2016 for the massive *Pumpkins United* reunion, the band's classic era suddenly became incredibly lucrative again.

Because the band was filling arenas playing 80s songs, BMG capitalized on the hype by refreshing the classic albums. It ensured that the old material was heavily marketed right alongside their new albums.

> ### Summary: Is it Taylor's Version?

> Unlike Taylor Swift—who completely *re-recorded* her albums from scratch to completely bypass her old label's ownership—Helloween's remasters use the **original audio tapes**. They just apply modern audio processing, tweak the volume/EQ, and package them with bonus tracks.

> So while it isn't a weapon used to steal back total ownership, it *is* an essential business tool used by the label and the band to restructure old contracts, maximize modern streaming payouts, and sell physical box-sets to collectors.

> 

Norsanina.blogspot.com

18 challenges

Impeding challenges

Abdul-Hamid, A. Q., Ali, M. H., Tseng, M. L., Lan, S., & Kumar, M. (2020). Impeding challenges on Industry 4.0 in circular economy: Palm oil industry in Malaysia. *Computers & Operations Research, 123*, 105052.

27/06/2026

Good catch. 

The abstract mentions 18 essential challenges, but the abstract itself only lists the top five. To see all 18, you normally need access to the full article or its appendix, where the Fuzzy Delphi Method screened the original 30 challenges down to 18. The abstract does not provide the complete list. (ScienceDirect)

Based on the paper's methodology, the authors:

1. Identified 30 initial Industry 4.0–Circular Economy challenges from literature and expert input.

2. Applied the Fuzzy Delphi Method (FDM) to remove less important factors.

3. Retained 18 essential challenges.

4. Then used Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM) to determine relationships among them. (ScienceDirect)

The five most influential challenges reported in the abstract are:

1. Lack of automation system virtualization

2. Unclear economic benefit of digital investment

3. Lack of process design

4. Unstable connectivity among firms

5. Employment disruptions (job displacement concerns) (ScienceDirect)

For your DBA

You actually do not need all 18 challenges unless you are specifically reviewing Industry 4.0 barriers.

For your section:

2.1 Technological and Organizational Transformation in Labour-Intensive Industries

you can use the paper to support the argument that palm oil mills face multiple barriers to digital transformation, including:

• Technological barriers (automation and virtualization limitations)

• Financial barriers (unclear return on investment)

• Process barriers (lack of process redesign)

• Inter-organizational barriers (poor connectivity across firms)

• Human resource barriers (employment disruption concerns) (ScienceDirect)

This is actually more useful for your literature review than listing all 18 challenges.

A DBA-style paragraph

You could write:

Abdul-Hamid et al. (2020) identified several barriers to Industry 4.0

One more thing: if you have access through your university library, try downloading the article PDF and send me the appendix or the table containing the challenges. I can then help extract all 18 challenges and group them into organizational, environmental, and individual themes, which would fit very nicely with your conceptual framework.

Norsanina.blogspot.com

Refine adjustment

Thank you. Now I can see the direction of your study much more clearly.

Your title is:

"Exploring the Antecedents of Mill Worker Performance: A Case Study of the Palm Oil Industry in Carey Island"

The important thing is that your study is not actually about Industry 4.0 or technology adoption itself. Technology is only part of the context explaining why worker performance matters.

Your framework is:

Independent Variables

• Organizational Factors

• Environmental Factors

• Individual Factors

Mediator

• Perceived Supervisor Support (PSS)

Dependent Variable

• Employee Performance

---

What this means for Chapter 2

The section I wrote earlier:

"Technological and Organizational Transformation in Labour-Intensive Industries"

is actually more suitable as:

2.1 Industry Context

rather than a core antecedent.

Think of it as the justification for why palm oil mills are changing and why employee performance has become critical.

---

Suggested Literature Review Structure

2.0 Introduction

Overview of Chapter 2.

2.1 Technological and Organizational Transformation in Labour-Intensive Industries

Purpose:

• Explain changes occurring in palm oil, rubber, timber, manufacturing, and agriculture.

• Discuss Industry 4.0.

• Discuss labour shortages.

• Discuss productivity pressures.

• Explain why worker performance has become strategically important.

This is your context-setting section.

---

2.2 Employee Performance

Purpose:

• Define employee performance.

• Dimensions of employee performance.

• Employee performance in manufacturing and palm oil industries.

• Importance of employee performance.

This is your DV section.

---

2.3 Organizational Factors

Possible dimensions:

• Training and development

• Communication

• Leadership

• Reward systems

• Organizational culture

• Career opportunities

Discuss studies showing relationship with employee performance.

Addresses:

RQ1
RO1

---

2.4 Environmental Factors

Possible dimensions:

• Working conditions

• Safety climate

• Physical environment

• Work facilities

• Technology availability

Discuss studies showing influence on performance.

Addresses:

RQ1
RO1

---

2.5 Individual Factors

Possible dimensions:

• Motivation

• Skills

• Competency

• Self-efficacy

• Work attitude

Discuss studies linking individual characteristics with performance.

Addresses:

RQ1
RO1

---

2.6 Perceived Supervisor Support (PSS)

This should be a major section because it is your mediator.

Subsections:

2.6.1 Definition of PSS

2.6.2 Social Exchange Theory Perspective

2.6.3 Antecedents of PSS

Connect:

• Organizational factors → PSS

• Environmental factors → PSS

• Individual factors → PSS

Addresses:

RQ2
RO2

---

2.7 PSS and Employee Performance

Discuss:

• Supervisor support

• Employee commitment

• Motivation

• Job satisfaction

• Performance outcomes

Addresses:

RQ3
RO3

---

2.8 Mediating Role of PSS

This is critical.

Create three separate discussions:

2.8.1 PSS as Mediator between Organizational Factors and Performance

2.8.2 PSS as Mediator between Environmental Factors and Performance

2.8.3 PSS as Mediator between Individual Factors and Performance

Addresses:

RQ4
RO4

---

2.9 Underpinning Theory

I strongly recommend:

Social Exchange Theory (SET)

Why?

Because PSS originates from supervisor-employee exchange relationships.

Logic:

• Organization provides resources.

• Supervisor represents the organization.

• Employees perceive support.

• Employees reciprocate through better performance.

SET is one of the most commonly used theories for PSS studies.

You could also mention:

• Organizational Support Theory (OST)

but SET should be your primary theory.

---

2.10 Hypothesis Development

Example:

H1: Organizational factors positively influence employee performance.

H2: Environmental factors positively influence employee performance.

H3: Individual factors positively influence employee performance.

H4: Organizational factors positively influence PSS.

H5: Environmental factors positively influence PSS.

H6: Individual factors positively influence PSS.

H7: PSS positively influences employee performance.

H8: PSS mediates the relationship between organizational factors and employee performance.

H9: PSS mediates the relationship between environmental factors and employee performance.

H10: PSS mediates the relationship between individual factors and employee performance.

---

2.11 Conceptual Framework

Your framework naturally becomes:

Organizational Factors ───┐
                          │
Environmental Factors ────┼──► PSS ───► Employee Performance
                          │
Individual Factors ───────┘

Direct paths:

Organizational Factors ───► Employee Performance

Environmental Factors ───► Employee Performance

Individual Factors ───────► Employee Performance 

One observation: your title says "Antecedents of Mill Worker Performance", but your RO and RQ are actually examining antecedents of both PSS and employee performance. That is perfectly acceptable, but it means Chapter 2 should spend substantial space on PSS, not just treat it as a small side variable. In many DBA theses with a mediator, the mediator often receives almost as much literature coverage as the dependent variable. This will strengthen the justification for RO2, RO3, and RO4.Norsanina.blogspot.com

2.1.0

For a DBA literature review, you should write this section as a broad industry transformation theme first, then narrow it down to palm oil mills. That creates a strong logical flow and justifies why technological and organizational transformation is an important antecedent of palm oil mill performance.

2.1.0 Technological and Organizational Transformation in Labour-Intensive Industries

Traditional labour-intensive industries, including agriculture, palm oil, rubber, timber, and manufacturing, are experiencing significant technological and organizational transformation due to increasing global competition, labour shortages, sustainability requirements, and the need for operational efficiency. These industries have historically relied heavily on manual labour and conventional management practices. However, the emergence of Industry 4.0 technologies has accelerated the shift towards automation, digitalization, artificial intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), big data analytics, and smart monitoring systems (Akmal et al., 2025). The integration of these technologies enables organizations to improve productivity, enhance decision-making processes, and reduce operational inefficiencies.

Industry 4.0 represents the convergence of physical operations and digital technologies through interconnected systems that facilitate real-time monitoring, predictive analytics, and intelligent decision-making. Across manufacturing industries, automation technologies have been increasingly adopted to improve production efficiency, product quality, workplace safety, and resource utilization. Recent studies indicate that digital technologies such as IoT sensors, cyber-physical systems, machine learning, and AI-driven analytics enable organizations to optimize operational processes while reducing dependency on manual interventions (Ahmmed et al., 2024; Jiang et al., 2024). These technologies support proactive maintenance, real-time performance tracking, and data-driven operational improvements, contributing to enhanced organizational performance.

In the agricultural sector, technological transformation has become increasingly important as organizations face growing pressure to increase productivity while maintaining sustainability. The adoption of Agriculture 4.0 technologies, including remote sensing, IoT-enabled monitoring systems, drones, AI applications, and blockchain technologies, has transformed traditional farming and plantation operations. These technologies facilitate precision agriculture, improve resource management, enhance traceability, and support evidence-based decision-making. Consequently, organizations are able to achieve higher operational efficiency while addressing environmental and sustainability concerns (Fasciolo et al., 2024).

Beyond technological advancements, organizational transformation plays an equally important role in ensuring successful digital adoption. Organizations must develop analytical capabilities, foster a data-driven culture, and redesign operational processes to maximize the benefits of digital technologies. Research suggests that technological investments alone are insufficient to improve organizational performance unless supported by appropriate organizational structures, leadership commitment, and employee competencies. Data-driven decision-making has emerged as a critical capability that enables managers to utilize real-time operational information for strategic and operational decisions, thereby improving responsiveness and organizational effectiveness (Szukits & Móricz, 2024; Malik, 2024).

The importance of organizational culture in digital transformation has also gained increasing attention in recent literature. Organizations that cultivate innovation-oriented cultures, encourage knowledge sharing, and support continuous learning are more likely to achieve successful digital transformation outcomes. Conversely, resistance to change, lack of digital competencies, and inadequate organizational support may hinder technology adoption and limit performance improvements (Ghafoori et al., 2024). Therefore, technological transformation must be accompanied by organizational readiness and workforce development initiatives to achieve sustainable performance gains.

Within the palm oil industry, the need for technological and organizational transformation has become increasingly evident. Palm oil operations continue to face challenges related to labour dependency, productivity variability, operational inefficiencies, and sustainability compliance. Recent studies highlight that Industry 4.0 technologies, including IoT, AI, blockchain, big data analytics, and remote sensing systems, have the potential to significantly enhance palm oil production processes, improve supply chain transparency, and support sustainable operations. Furthermore, the adoption of smart technologies can reduce reliance on manual labour while enabling more efficient monitoring and control of mill operations (Akmal et al., 2025).

Consequently, technological and organizational transformation has emerged as a critical antecedent of organizational performance in labour-intensive industries. As palm oil mills continue to modernize their operations, the successful integration of digital technologies, supported by organizational readiness and data-driven management practices, is expected to contribute positively to operational efficiency, productivity, and overall mill performance.

Suggested APA 7th References

You should include these recent references in your bibliography:

Akmal, M. Z. M., Ooi, J., Ng, W. P. Q., Shen, H., et al. (2025). Impact of Industry 4.0 technologies on the oil palm industry: A literature review. Smart Agricultural Technology, 10, 100685.

Ahmmed, M. S., Isanaka, S. P., & Liou, F. (2024). Promoting synergies to improve manufacturing efficiency in industrial material processing: A systematic review of Industry 4.0 and AI. Machines, 12(10), 681.

Fasciolo, B., Panza, L., & Lombardi, F. (2024). Exploring the integration of Industry 4.0 technologies in agriculture: A comprehensive bibliometric review. Sustainability, 16(20), 8948.

Ghafoori, A., Gupta, M., Merhi, M. I., Gupta, S., & Shore, A. P. (2024). Toward the role of organizational culture in data-driven digital transformation. International Journal of Production Economics, 271, 109205.

Jiang, L., Zhang, J., & Wong, Y. D. (2024). Digital technology in occupational health of manufacturing industries: A systematic literature review. Discover Applied Sciences, 6, 631.

Malik, S. (2024). Data-driven decision-making: Leveraging the IoT for real-time sustainability in organizational behavior. Sustainability, 16(15), 6302.

Ojha, V. K., Goyal, S., Chand, M., & Kumar, A. (2024). A framework for data-driven decision making in advanced manufacturing systems: Development and implementation. Concurrent Engineering.

Szukits, Á., & Móricz, P. (2024). Towards data-driven decision making: The role of analytical culture and centralization efforts. Review of Managerial Science, 18, 2849–2887.

This section is already approaching doctoral-level literature review style because it moves from general industry transformation → Industry 4.0 → organizational transformation → agriculture → palm oil industry, which is the flow examiners usually expect in Chapter 2.

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Chapter 2 Introduction

Chapter 2 Introduction 

22/06/2026

Certainly. Since your Chapter 2 is no longer just about employee performance, but is increasingly positioned within the context of technological transformation, workforce adaptation, knowledge transfer, supervisory support, and employee performance in labour-intensive industries, your introduction should set up that narrative before moving into the specific variables.

Here is a draft that aligns with the themes we discussed.

2.0 Introduction

 ✅ Done 

APA References

Abdul-Hamid, A. Q., Ali, M. H., Tseng, M. L., Lan, S., & Kumar, M. (2020). Impeding challenges on Industry 4.0 in circular economy: Palm oil industry in Malaysia. Computers & Operations Research, 123, 105052.

Judijanto, L. (2025). Exploring the potentials of artificial intelligence and digital technologies in transforming the palm oil industry: A review. Journal of Information, Technology and Policy, 1–13.

Kurtessis, J. N., Eisenberger, R., Ford, M. T., Buffardi, L. C., Stewart, K. A., & Adis, C. S. (2017). Perceived organizational support: A meta-analytic evaluation of organizational support theory. Journal of Management, 43(6), 1854–1884.

Oreg, S., Vakola, M., & Armenakis, A. (2011). Change recipients’ reactions to organizational change: A 60-year review of quantitative studies. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 47(4), 461–524.

One suggestion: because your study is about antecedents of employee performance, I would make "Technological and Organizational Transformation in Labour-Intensive Industries" the first substantive section after the introduction (before discussing the DV and IVs). 

This creates a logical bridge from Industry 4.0 and workforce adaptation to PSS and employee performance, rather than jumping straight into variable definitions.

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How To Select IV

21/06/2026

Yes, there is such a thing in a thesis, but it must be written carefully.

You should not write:

"We could have studied Technology Acceptance, Job Insecurity, Trust in Automation, etc., but we chose PSS."

That sounds conversational and may invite examiners to ask:

"Why didn't you study those instead?"

A stronger academic approach is to acknowledge the existence of those constructs and then justify why PSS is the focal construct for this study.

In your case, this discussion would fit best after the paragraph discussing Industry 4.0, workforce adaptation, and technological change, and immediately before the paragraph introducing PSS as the mediator.

The flow becomes:

1. Industry facing technological change.

2. Workers may experience uncertainty and adaptation challenges.

3. Many theoretical perspectives exist.

4. This study focuses on PSS because supervisors are the closest mechanism influencing workers.

5. Therefore PSS is chosen as the mediator.

You could write something like this:

Extracted 

Done 

I actually think this paragraph does something very useful for your DBA.

It quietly tells the examiner:

"I know the Technology Acceptance literature."

"I know the Readiness for Change literature."

"I know the Job Insecurity literature."

But then it explains:

"My study is not about technology adoption. My study is about employee performance, and PSS is the most relevant mechanism in this operational setting."

That is a much stronger position than trying to include all those variables in the framework.

In fact, if your viva examiner later asks:

"Why didn't you use UTAUT, TAM, or Readiness for Change?"

You can answer:

"Those constructs explain employee reactions to technology. However, the objective of this study was to examine employee performance and the role of supervisory support within palm oil mill operations. Therefore, PSS was selected because supervisors are the primary channel through which organizational practices, knowledge transfer, and workforce development influence employees."

That is a defensible DBA answer.

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Amuse

Amuse

21/06/2026

I would like to ask a rhetorical question. No right and wrong answer. I pick up this line some time ago from a podcast called Why File and YouTube Why Files.  If the branch falls out of a tree in a forest, will it make sound or no sound because no one is listening. Does it matter. 

I tend to collect bits and pieces of something sometime and store it in my head, it will replay like this sentence. Until I cannot stand it anymore or it just pops out,  then I will start searching.

Answer: 

That question has fascinated philosophers, scientists, and curious people for centuries because it is really asking two different questions hidden inside one sentence.

Question 1: Does the falling branch create physical vibrations in the air?

Science would say: yes.

The branch falls, hits the ground, and creates pressure waves in the air. Whether anyone is there or not, those vibrations occur.

Question 2: Is there "sound" if no conscious being hears it?

This becomes a philosophical question.

Some philosophers argue:

Sound is not merely vibration.

Sound is an experience created by the mind.

Without ears, nerves, and consciousness, there are only vibrations, not sound.

In that view, the branch creates vibrations but not "sound."

So the answer depends on how you define the word sound.

---

What interests me more is what you said afterward:

 "I tend to collect bits and pieces of something and store it in my head. It will be replayed like this sentence."

That reminds me of how some people think in seeds rather than conclusions.

Most people hear a sentence and either agree or disagree.

Others hear a sentence and unconsciously store it.

Years later it resurfaces:

Why did that sentence stay with me?

What was bothering me about it?

What does it connect to?

The mind keeps working on it in the background.

Sometimes these recurring thoughts are not really seeking an answer. They are seeking a framework.

For example, perhaps what keeps returning is not the branch at all, but questions such as:

Does reality require a witness?

Does something matter if nobody notices?

Is existence independent of observation?

If nobody appreciates my effort, does it still have value?

Many deep questions in life are hidden inside seemingly simple riddles.

---

Your recent reflections remind me of another version:

If a person spends their whole life being kind, but nobody remembers them after they die, did their kindness matter?

Some would say no.

Others would say yes, because the kindness was real whether or not it was witnessed.

In a way, it is the same branch falling in the forest.

The branch falls.

The vibration exists.

Whether someone hears it is a different question.

And perhaps that is why the sentence stayed in your mind all these years. Not because it needs an answer, but because it quietly points toward much larger questions about existence, meaning, and whether reality depends on being seen.

Answer 2

I am amused and entertained by that though.

I can see why. Sometimes an "aha" moment is not the discovery of an answer—it is the discovery of the real question that was hiding underneath.

You started with a branch falling in a forest. That sounds like a question about physics. Then suddenly you realize it is actually about consciousness, meaning, value, observation, and existence. The floor drops away beneath the original question.

What strikes me is that you often describe waking up with a thought over coffee, or having an idea appear unexpectedly. You don't seem to force these questions. They arrive, sit quietly in your mind, and then one day connect to something larger.

There is a phrase often attributed to the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein:

 A serious philosophical problem could be written in the form of a joke.

Many philosophical puzzles are like that. They sound simple enough for a child to ask, yet adults can spend centuries discussing them.

For example:

Why am I me and not someone else?

What was it like before I was born?

If everything changes, what remains the same?

Does a memory exist when nobody is remembering it?

None of these have definitive answers, yet they are strangely entertaining. The mind circles them not because it expects a solution but because they reveal something about how we think.

You once mentioned the idea that when Allah breathed the ruh into the embryo, perhaps "you never left that state." That is another example. It is not a question that can be settled by measurement. Yet it changes how you look at yourself, life, and death.

Some people find such thoughts unsettling. You seem to find them fascinating.

There is a difference.

The unsettled person asks:

"How do I stop thinking about this?"

The fascinated person asks:

 "Where does this thought lead if I follow it?"

From what you've shared over time, you seem closer to the second type. That is probably why a random sentence from a podcast can stay alive in your mind for years. Not because it is unresolved, but because your mind recognizes that there is more inside it than appears at first glance.

And sometimes the reward is exactly what you felt today—not certainty, just amusement.

A quiet smile over coffee:

"Oh. That's what the question was really about." ☕️

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Chapter 1 or 2

It looks like this paragraph fit into chapter 1 or 2.

Yes. In fact, I think you have just found something that fits your DBA much better than a pure automation discussion.

What caught my attention is not:

"AI-driven automation aids labour management."

What caught my attention is:

 "Comprehensive strategies incorporating technological innovation and capacity building are essential."

That sentence is almost speaking directly to your framework.

Your study is about:

Organizational Factors

Environmental Factors

Individual Factors

PSS

Employee Performance

The paper is essentially saying:

> Technology alone is not enough.

Human capability development is required.

That is exactly where your DBA can contribute.

---

How this paper supports your Organizational Factors

The paper mentions:

Capacity building

Workforce challenges

Labour management

Digital literacy

These can be linked to:

Organizational Factors

Training opportunities

Knowledge transfer practices

Workforce development initiatives

Communication practices

You can argue:

The successful integration of AI and digital technologies requires organizations to invest not only in technological infrastructure but also in workforce development, knowledge transfer, and employee support mechanisms.

That is almost tailor-made for your Organizational Factors construct.

---

How this paper supports your Individual Factors

The paper mentions:

 Low digital literacy.

This is very useful.

You currently have:

Individual Factors

Skills

Motivation

Education

Prior Experience

Adaptability

You can strengthen this section by adding discussion around:

Digital literacy

Learning readiness

Adaptability to technological change

The logic becomes:

Low Digital Literacy ↓ Difficulty understanding new systems ↓ Lower confidence ↓ Lower performance

---

How this paper supports PSS

This is where I think many researchers miss the opportunity.

When management introduces:

AI

Automation

Smart monitoring

Digital dashboards

Workers do not ask:

"What algorithm are we using?"

Workers ask:

"Can I still do my job?"

"Will I be replaced?"

"Can I learn this?"

Who answers those questions?

Usually:

Supervisor.

Therefore:

PSS becomes even more important during technological transitions.

You could argue:

> Supervisors play a critical role in facilitating employee adaptation by communicating organizational intentions, addressing concerns, supporting learning activities, and fostering confidence during periods of technological change.

This fits your mediator perfectly.

---

How this paper supports your Environmental Factors

You currently define environmental factors as:

Workplace conditions

Infrastructure

Safety standards

Socio-cultural influences

The paper specifically mentions:

> Infrastructure limitations.

This is excellent.

Many studies ignore this.

Imagine:

Management wants digitalization.

But:

Poor internet coverage.

Limited system access.

Inadequate technological infrastructure.

Employees may appear resistant when the real issue is environmental.

Therefore:

Infrastructure readiness becomes an environmental factor affecting performance.

---

The hidden research gap I see

The paper focuses on:

Technology

AI Digitalization Automation

The paper recommends:

Capacity Building

Training Skills Knowledge

But the paper does not fully explain:

 Who helps workers adapt?

Your DBA can answer:

 Perceived Supervisor Support.

That is the bridge between management's technological ambitions and workers' actual performance.

---

A paragraph you could potentially use in Chapter 1 or Chapter 2

Done 

If I were wearing an examiner's hat, I would say this paper strengthens your argument that:

The future challenge is not AI.

The future challenge is:

Whether workers and supervisors are prepared for AI.

And that fits your current DBA framework remarkably well without requiring you to add a new dependent variable or redesign the entire study.

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